Kuwa 7 Ruhuhuma 2014
Icigwa ca mbere n’icanyuma abamenyeshamakuru bashasha bategerezwa kwiga ni uko hoba ukwumvikana/uguhuriza ku bijanye n’inkuru itomoye.
Nta kintu na kimwe cokwonona ukwizerwa kw’umumenyeshamakuru hamwe n’urwego rw’ibinyamakuru gusumba amakosa yanditswe ku rupapuro, naho yoba mato canke manini. Duhiriwe duhishije, ukumenyesha amakuru ni ubuhinga buhanitse ariko si ikintu gihariwe gusa abamenyeshamakuru babifisemwo uburambe.
Muri ibi twisunga, turihweza intambuko zokoreshwa mu gushikiriza amakuru ata mahinyu.
Gutahura neza igikorwa cawe
Inkuru nyinshi zirasaba ko habanza gukorwa ubushakashatsi, naho woba uri umumenyeshamakuru afise uburambe, mbere naho woba umenyereye gukora kuri ivyo bikorwa ufise. Ariko mutegerezwa gucagura neza amasoko mukuramwo ibijanye n’iyo nkuru.
Wikipedia ni isoko ryiza muri rusangi ariko kenshi irashobora guhuvya canke igahindura mu kugira uruhande yegamira rw’abatanze inkuru. Mukomeze kwisunga amasoko y’inkuru y’imvaho uko bishoboka kwose. Mu gihe mukoresha amasoko y’ababikuye ahandi nk’inkuru zivuye mu rwego rw’ibinyamakuru, murondere inkuru zatanzwe n’ibinyamakuru, n’ibinyamakuru vyerekeye ibisata vy’ubuzima bwa minsi yose vyizewe hamwe n’abamenyeshamakuru bajejwe uburere bizewe.
Inzego z’ibinyamakuru nyinshi zirafise ububiko bw’inkuru mutazoronka k’urubuga ngurukanabumenyi (Interenete). Mu bihe vya none vya Google, izo nyandiko ntizikoreshwa kenshi, kandi mu bice bimwebimwe, zirimwo inkuru nyishi cane zishobora kubagirira akamaro gasumbirije dufatiye ku bandi bamenyeshamakuru bajejwe uburere.
Muharire n’abo musangiye akazi. Nimba mukoresha inkuru zanditswe n’abandi bamenyeshamakuru bajejwe uburere mukorana nko mu vyerekeye ivyo mwisunga hakaba harimwo ibintu bidatomoye kandi bituma mubikurikirana kubera ico vyisangije, mubaze ikibabakiye. Muzoca mumenya ningoga vyanka bikunda amakuru yavuye mw’itohoza rikozwe mu buryo bubereye.
Nta kibazo co gusuzugura
Nti mukibaze ko kubera inkuru yatanzwe ibiyigize vyose biba ari vyo. Kenshi na kenshi turavyihendako. Umumenyeshamakuru mukuru wese canke uwihweza amakuru hariho amakosa adaserura. Inkuru ziri mu bubiko bw’ibitabo hamwe n’amakuru yo ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi zashinguwe zikaba zarakosowe inyuma yaho zamenyesherejwe zirashobora kugira ivyo zihurijeko canke ivyerekana uko zakosowe.
Akamaro k’ubushakashatsi bubereye ntawokirengagiza. Ntimukagende mu kiganiro mutagiteguye. Hanyuma muri mu kiganiro, murabe ibintu bihambaye nk’amatariki, urukurikirane rw’indome mw’ijambo, ibibanza, hamwe n’uwo uronderako ikiganiro.
Amakosa – aba manini canke mato – aroroshe guhererekanwa, iyo mudafashe umwanya wo gusuzuma ibintu ningoga kuva kw’isoko y’inkuru. Nta kibazo co gusuzugura. Kenshi na kenshi, umwitwarariko wanyu uzohabwa agaciro.
Mukoreshe ivyuma bifata amajwi
Mufate amajwi y’ibiganiro mukora. Kiretse hamwe mwoba mufise ubuhinga buhanitse bwo kwandika mukoresheje ibimenyetso, nahone, muzosanga mwihenze ahantu cane rwose. Canke murashobora no kwibagira ibihe ijambo ryavugiwemwo. Iyo mwafashe amajwi mu kiganiro canyu, haba ukwihenda guke cane.
Gushira mu nyandiko ibiganiro birashobora kubafatira umwanya munini kandi biranarusha iyo ikiringo co kubitanga cegereje. Muri mu kiganiro, mwandike umwanya ufata amajwi mu bihe bihambaye canke iyo uwo muganira avuze ikintu gihambaye. Gurtyo, biraheza bikoroha kumutora ningoga aho ari mu nyuma.
Kubika ikiganiro mu majwi biratanga kandi icizere ntahinyuzwa. Iyo uwatanze ikiganiro avuze ko mwashikirije ivyo yavuze ukutariko, murashobora kumuhinyuza n’icemezo ko mwabishikirije neza uko yabivuze.
Ivyo mwandika mu kiganiro birahambaye
Na ntaryo ni ukwandika. Ivyuma bifata amajwi birakwama amabateri agahera. Nta kintu kibabaza nko gukora ikiganiro kirekire hanyuma ugasanga ntiwagifashe kubera icuma gifata amajwi cakwamye.
Inyandiko zanyu mwafashe ni icemezo gihambaye co kwisunga mu kiganiro. Mushiremwo amajambo ahambaye mu gitabo mwandikamwo mukoreshe utumenyetso (**) canke muyaceko uturongo kugirango muyatore ningoga muriko murandika inkuru.
Murabe utuntu twose tugize inkuru, naho twoba dusa naho ata nkwirikizi zatwo zohaba. Musuzume ibintu nyamukuru vy’uwatanze ikiganiro gushika aho mubona ko mufise inkuru yizewe.
Ni ngombwa ko mufata umwanya wo gusuzuma neza amatariki, amasaha, imyaka, imirimo y’ukuri hamwe n’amazina. Nta na kimwe mwokwirengagiza. Nta kibabaza nko kubona izina ryawe ryanditse nabi. Nk’akarorero, umuntu yitwa ‘’John’’, risuzume. Rirashobora kuba ryandikwa‘’Jon’’. Nimba umuntu yitwa Bongi, suzuma nimba bamuhamagara n’izina rigufi canke yipfuza ko bamuhamagara bakoresheje izina rirerire (bishobora kuba ari Sibongile). Bigire mu gusubiramwo urudome rumwerumwe rugize izina ry’uyo muntu imbere yiwe aho kureka ko ariwe yobigira. Gurtyo, nta kwihenda na gatoyi, kuko nta ngorane zo kwumviriza muheza ngo mugire.
Ntimushobora gutanga ikintu mudatahura
Musuzume ibintu vyose mudatahura. Ntimushobora kwandika ku kintu mudatahura. Mwibuke ko ata kibazo co gusuzugura. Mu gihe muri imbere y’ikibazo canke igikorwa gisaba ukwiyumvira guhanitse, ikintu kijanye n’ubuhinga, canke n’ubutunzi, mugerageze musiguze umuntu ariko abaha ikiganiro. Ntaco bizomutwara mbere azoshima umwitwarariko wanyu ko mushaka ko ibintu vyumvikana. Murondere inomero ya terefone yiwe ngendanwa mbere mumubaze ko mushobora kumuhamagara mu nyuma mu gihe mwokenera ico mumubaza. Azoshima umwitwarariko wanyu mu gutomora ibintu.
Mu gihe mubona ko mushobora gukenera ayandi amakuru ajanye n’ikintu canke ayandi masoko, mubaze uyo muntu abahaye ikiganiro ko yoshobora kubarangira uwundi muntu yobafasha. Ikiganiro kimwe kirashobora kukujana ku bindi biganiro vyinshi kandi kikabafasha gutegera rwose ikibazo muriko mukorerako.
Akamaro k’amasoko yigenga
Mu gihe mufise inkuru yo ku munota wa nyuma canke mu gihe mukora inkuru idahurizwako na bose, muri uyo mwanya, murabe ko mufise n’imiburiburi amasoko abiri mukuramwo inkuru– bibaye ngombwa atatu – adafise na kimwe ataco ahurirako. Ico bisigura kuba ‘’amasoko abiri yigenga’’, ni uko ategerezwa kuba adafitaniye isano hagati yayo.
Ntimwihute gusaba ko ikiganiro coshobora gukorwa ata majwi afashwe. Mureke uyo nyene gutanga ikiganiro afate ingingo yo kuvuga ko gikorwa‘’ata majwi afashwe’’.
Naho bivuzwe uko, mutegerezwa gukoresha ubwenge bwanyu. Mu gihe uwutanga ikiganiro atazi ibijanye n’ibinyamakuru, mutomorere ko ivyo aza kuvuga bizosohorwa kandi bizosamirizwa. Ategerezwa kumenya inkurikizi zishoboka iyo avuze bakamufata amajwi.
Mu gihe yoba adatomora canke akavuga akikiriza ku kintu gihambaye (abanyepolitike canke abakozi ba reta, nk’akarorero, kenshi baririnda ko bafata ingingo), mumuhagarike kandi mukoresheje ikibazo kugira mutahure neza ikiganiro. Nk’akarorero, mu gihe muriko mubaza umutegetsi wo mu bushikiranganji bw’amagara y’abantu, mushobora kuvuga muti: ‘’Nimba nabatahuye neza, umugambi w’ubushikiranganji mu bijanye n’ubwishingizi mu bijanye n’amagara y’abantu bwabaye x, y,z … ?’’
Mu nyuma, mwumvirize neza uwatanze ikiganiro. Mugerageze gutahura iciyumviro c’umuntu, aho ava, ivyiyumviro bishobora kuba bidahuye n’ivyanyu canke ukwo kwose bishobora kuba biteye isoni. Igikorwa canyu ni uko impande zose ziserukirwa uko bibereye kandi zigafatwa co kimwe. Mwibande cane kubivugwa. Mwirinde guhengama ariko mushobora kwishira mu kibanza c’abandi. Impinga ni ndende, ni ndende cane kugira ngo mubone igicapo mufise mu bwenge bwanyu k’umuntu, ku ngorane, ku bishika, canke ku kiganiro ko gitomoye.
Ukwandika inkuru
Imbere yo kwicara ngo mwandike, mufate akanya murabe ko inkuru mugire mwandike izoba ari iyo ukuri kandi itomoye. Mbega murakeneye kwegera uwundi muntu kugira inkuru ibe yerekeye impande zose? Mu gihe mufise amadidane kuri iyo nkuru, mutegerezwa kubikorerako, ntimuyirengagize. Iciyumviro canyu kibajemwo ubwa mbere kiba ari ciza ni ukugikorerako.
Muriko murandika, mufate akanya gato kugira murabe ko mwafashe ivyiyumviro nyamukuru umwe wese yababwiye. Mbega hari uwukeneye kwiyumva muri iyo nkuru mu buryo buhambaye, mu kwisigura cane canke kumbure mu kwisigura gatoyi? Mbega iciyumviro ciwe kirashobora gutomorwa mu majambo makeyi cane kandi yumvikana rwose mu majambo yanyu mwakoresheje? Mbega mwanditse iciyumviro ciwe nyamukuru mu vyo yavuze, mu gihe mwabishira mu majambo yanyu? Mwibuke ko, umukono wanyu uri kuri iyo nkuru, hamwe no kwubaka izina ryanyu mu bijanye no gutangaza inkuru y’ukuri ari ku neza yawe ntangere naho umwanya wo gutanga iyo nkuru nawo ari ntabanduka.
Murabe ko amakuru mwegeranije ahuye n’ivyo mwanditse mu dutabo twanyu musanzwe mukoresha mu gutegura inkuru, amajwi mwatororokanije hamwe n’inyandiko zanyu nyezina: ivyakozwe vyose, amazina, amatariki, ibibanza hamwe n’ivyubahiro abantu bafise, hamwe n’ibiharuro vy’ubwoko bwose. Ntuze wigere wizigira umutwe wawe ngo wavyumvise uraza kuvyibuka.
Murasubira mugacishako mugasoma, mukongera kandi mugasoma kugira murabe neza ko wanditse vyo
Mu gihe hoba hari ikintu utazi neza, canke nimba hari utuntu dutoduto mwibagiye gusuzuma mu gihe mwari mu kiganiro, muraheza muhamagare uwo mwagiranye ikiganiro bidatevye.Rimwe na rimwe murashobora gusanga ari izina ry’ishirahamwe risanzwe rikorera ahantu hazwi n’abantu benshi mukaba mushobora kuja kurirondera ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi kugira mumenye ukuri, muri ico gihe muraheza mukaja kw’isoko: ku rubuga rwemewe – atari Wikipedia – ahubwo ukibanda aho ushobora kuronka ibikoresho vyizewe.
Muri iyo ntumbero nyene, nimba mutegerezwa gusuzuma ibintu vyavuzwe n’ibinyamakuru, mwegere inzego zirongoye ibinyamakuru vyizewe.Mutegerezwa kwama imisi yose mutomora aho mwakuye inkuru.
Mu gihe mudashobora gutohoza neza ikintu kanaka cabaye, muraheza mukakireka canke mu nkuru muriko murakora mukagikuramwo.Iyo musanze hari ikintu cabaye canke akantu gahambaye kagize inkuru, muraheza mukabimenyesha uwurongoye uruganda rw’amakuru ko mwahuye n’ikibazo. Kirazira ko mucereza, muraheza mukabimenyesha.
Gukuramwo ibidakenewe
Uko vyogenda kwose ku bijanye n’ibisabwa kugira inkuru irangire gukorwa, muraheza ugafata iminuta icumi kugira musome neza mwitonze inkuru yanyu.Bisabwa ko mubikora n’imiburiburi incuro kabiri. Mu gihe muriko murayisoma ubwa mbere, mwibande cane ku makosa y’inyandiko hamwe n’amakosa ajanye n’indimburo. Musubire mutore urupapuro mwanditseko inkuru murushire ku muco ukwiye hanyuma murabe mwitonze akantu kose ko ata na kimwe mwasimvye. Akenshi ivyo biraheza bigakorwa mu gihe co gusohora urupapuro ruriko inkuru. Ibintu bihambaye nk’amazina, amatariki, amasaha, ibibanza hamwe n’amajambo umuntu aba yavuze muraheza mukabicako akarongo no kubishimangira, kandi kugira murabe ko bihuye n’ivyo mwaditse mu dutabu igihe mwariko mwegeranya amakuru hamwe n’inyandiko ahavuye inkuru.
Mu gusoma ku ncuro ya kabiri, muraheza muzirikane ishusho nyamukuru mwisunze intumbero y’inkuru, ni kuvuga ko irimwo ibikenewe vyose, ibereye kandi yubahiriza akaranga ko kumenyesha amakuru. Inkuru igeze kuri iyi ntambwe birashobora gushika mugusanga harimwo utunenge tumwe tumwe.Mu gihe mugifise umwanya, mufate akanya mwongere muyisome.
Nta kintu na kimwe kibabaza mu bijanye n’uruganda rw’amakuru nk’iyo musanze inkuru idateguye neza yuzuyemwo amakosa ajanye n’inyandiko.Naho biri uko, ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi hasanzwe hariho za kazinduzi mushobora kwikorako.
Mu gihe amakosa mu bijanye n’inyandiko ari make hanyuma inkuru ikaba ikoranye isuku, bisigura ko abanditsi n’abajejwe gukosora bashobora kwibanda kw’ishusho nyamukuru: ivyabaye, inkuru ikwije ibikenewe, ico inkuru itumbereye hamwe n’ingingo zijanye n’amategeko n’akaranga k’ibimenyamakuru.
Umukono wanyu ni icerekana ko namwe mwizewe
Mu gihe utanze intumbero mu gutangaza inkuru, mumenye neza ko vyerekana ko inkuru itomoye. Naho mwoba mufise ubuhinga bungana gute mu gukoresha ururimi canke uburyo bwo gukwegera abantu gusoma inkuru yanyu, mu gihe inkuru yanyu n’ibiyigize bitagaragaza ukuri ni amakosa, iyo nkuru iba ari mbi..
Nimba mufise umwitwarariko ku bijanye n’ingaruka z’amategeko canke ingaruka z’iyo nkuru, murahezam ukegera umuntu azi amategeko ajanye n’ibimenyamakuru hamwe n’ibiyago birtyoza.Mu bisanzwe, mu ruganda rw’amakuru hama imisi yose hari umuntu azi neza ingene ibintu bigenda.Nimba mukora mwenyene, mwame mwiyubara imisi yose. Mwame mwibuka kandi ko ari mwebwe nyene muheza mukemanga inkuru.Ubwizigirwa bwanyu mu bantu ni co kintu c’agaciro kiruta ibindi vyose.